01. Comma
1. Usage
① Replace “and” “or” （替代and和or）
：She has long and dark and shiny hair.
-> She has long, dark, shiny hair.
② Sentence + “,” + “linking word” + Sentence （用逗号和关联词连接两个句子）
：We were tired, and we really didn’t feel like going anywhere.
③ “bracket” – “,” + “extra information” + “,”（充当括号，添加插入语）
：This book, first publish in 1956, is still useful for student today.
# 若将插入语放置于句首或句尾，则去掉一个逗号.
：Similar to most people his age, he isn’t really thinking about his future.
：He told me that he wanted to quit and become a painter, which surprise me.
2. Common Mistake
- 不要在主谓之间添加逗号
- 不要在“that”前插入逗号
- 不要在无关联词的情况下，往两句子中间加入逗号
02. Colon
1. Usage
① Introduce a example or explanation（解释说明）
: He had one problem: there was no way to get there in time.
: There’s just one rule here: do everything I tell you.
: General idea: specific example / explanation.
② List（引出列表）
: We’ve invited a small number of people:: Bill, Emma, Rachel.
: Tolstoy wrote several books other than war and peace: Anna Karenina, The Cossacks, Resurrection.
③ Speech（引出对话）
: He said: “Don’t talk to me about this again.”
: They shouted: “Be careful – don’t get too close to the edge.”
2. Common Mistake
Dear John:Dear John,
–> At the beginning of a letter or email. Use a comma.
Monthly Report January:Monthly Report January
–> After a title or heading, don’t use a colon.
# 这两条可谓是直击中式英语啊XD
03. Semicolon
1. Usage
① Semicolons are used to connect two sentences which are about related ideas.（连接观点相近的两句）
: The population of shanghai is around 24 million; Beijing has around 22 million people.
: We knew he was guilty; there was no evidence, however.
Linking word & Semicolons, Commas（关联词与分号、逗号的关系）
- ‘And’, ‘or’, ‘but’, ‘yet’, ‘while’
=> Comma
- ‘However’, ‘therefore’, ‘nevertheless’, ‘meanwhile’
=> Semicolon / a full stop
: The population of Shanghai is around 24 million; Beijing has around 22 million people.
–> No connecting word => semicolon
# 无连接词，则使用分号
: The population of Shanghai is around 24 million, while Beijing has around 22 million people.
–> ‘While’ => a comma is necessary
# 有”While”，需用逗号
: The population of Shanghai is around 24 million; however Beijing is slightly smaller, with around 22 million people.
–> ‘However’ => Semicolon / full stop
# ‘However’，可以分号，也可以句号
② List includes phrases which contain commas（列表中含带逗号的短语）
: We travelled to four cities: Santa Fe, which is in New Mexico; Denver, Colorado; Las Vegas, Nevada; and finally Los Angeles in California.
: Only three people showed up: Tom, the head of accounting; Maria, who works in the sales department; and Ellie, who is doing an internship here.